Jan 24 04:57:35 linux lightdm[1600]: pam_unix(lightdm-autologin:session): session closed for user artix
This looks like a log from live environment's /var/log. If your user was named "artix", disregard the rest of this paragraph. Otherwise, please upload the corresponding logs from your hard disk. You can do that by mounting the root partition (or the partition holding the /var/log on the hard disk) to /mnt in the live environment, like described in the "Troubleshooting" article. Then find the logs under /mnt/var/log instead of /var/log.
Update: Looking at errors.log, this looks suspicious:
Jan 23 18:03:19 linux kernel: blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sdb, sector 2043972240 op 0x0:(READ) flags 0x80700 phys_seg 4 prio class 0
Jan 23 18:03:19 linux kernel: blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sdb, sector 2043972240 op 0x0:(READ) flags 0x0 phys_seg 1 prio class 0
Jan 23 18:03:19 linux kernel: Buffer I/O error on dev sdb5, logical block 175121746, async page read
Jan 23 18:03:19 linux kernel: blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sdb, sector 2043972368 op 0x0:(READ) flags 0x0 phys_seg 1 prio class 0
[...]
Jan 23 18:24:05 linux kernel: blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sdb, sector 1687508488 op 0x1:(WRITE) flags 0x4800 phys_seg 256 prio class 0
Jan 23 18:24:05 linux kernel: Buffer I/O error on dev sdb5, logical block 130563777, lost async page write
Jan 23 18:24:05 linux kernel: Buffer I/O error on dev sdb5, logical block 130563778, lost async page write
web search gives these links as some of the results:
https://serverfault.com/a/866150
https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-hardware-18/buffer-i-o-error-on-dev-sdb1-async-page-read-4175600715/
https://old.reddit.com/r/debian/comments/omic2r/buffer_io_on_dev_sdb_logical_block_0_async_page/h5lcovs/
Next,
Jan 24 04:57:35 linux pulseaudio[1678]: [pulseaudio] stdin-util.c: Lost I/O connection in module "module-gsettings"
Jan 24 04:57:35 linux pulseaudio[1678]: [pulseaudio] core-util.c: Failed to create secure directory (/run/user/1000/pulse): Нет такого файла или каталога
this is weird. For some reason (maybe related to disk errors above), a directory required for pulseaudio to function is missing. I'd check hard disk cables and hardware first.