at first I thought maybe you might mount with wrong arguments or something.
now my bet is that your partitions does not have correct filesystems. did you format with "mkfs.ext"
check it with
sudo lsblk -f --ascii --paths
your boot part (I guess /dev/sda1) should have FSTYPE vfat
and root part (/dev/sda2) should have FSTYPE ext4
p.s. yes adding --ascii or --raw option would made it easier ┬─┬ ︵ /(.□. \)
edit: now I get why you can't show all the output "http://sprunge.us/"
sudo lsblk --ascii --paths --output NAME,FSTYPE,TYPE,LABEL,MOUNTPOINTS | curl -F 'sprunge=<-' http://sprunge.us